school lunches in the 1950s

Fast food companies appeared in lunchrooms, and private food-service companies were hired to serve precooked, prepackaged foods that required less preparation. Ellett, Ashton, Jan Hebbard, and Kaylynn Washnock. 1. Schools in high-need areas—such as those in inner-city neighborhoods and rural districts—lacked adequate facilities and staff. By 1972, 25 million students across the nation were enrolled in the program. In the 60’s and 70’s it probably served a combination of sticky cream buns, sausage rolls, pies, chips, fizzy drinks and lollies. This forced most school districts to raise the price of meals for the declining number of paying students. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Beginning in the mid-1990s, school lunch reformers pushed for the introduction of more fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products into cafeterias. Since many families in the South needed their children at home to help with crop production, the summer break from school originally corresponded with the growing season. Lawmakers and public health advocates began working to strike a greater balance between nutrition and taste, attempting to reverse the so-called “fastfoodification” of school cafeterias. Both houses of Congress finally passed the National School Lunch Act after careful redrafting and with support from the aging New Deal political coalition, a fragile alliance between the liberal and conservative wings of the Democratic Party. A program of Georgia Humanities in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor. The area, in the meantime… Georgia'sState Art Collection comprises hundreds of... A number of significant historical events have occurred in... Baldowski Cartoon: Georgia's Peanut Industry, Attorney General Arthur Bolton on School Lunch Financing. Peanut growers sought to incorporate their produce into the National School Lunch Program from the outset, even recommending in the 1950s and 1960s that peanut butter be used as a replacement for butter and margarine in school lunches. Meanwhile, the convergence of school lunches, new technology, and valuable entertainment brands continued, with the first TV-themed lunch box in 1950: Hopalong Cassidy. Filmstrip projectors were used if the teacher wanted to show a video in class. A typical lunch could be peanut butter and jelly on Wonder Bread. Photograph taken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, circa 1955. This exhibition was developed in 2014 by the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at the University of Georgia in celebration of the library’s fortieth anniversary. (Photo by Bernard Hoffman//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images) Show More Show Less 8 of 69 Two school children, a boy and a girl, sit together as they eat lunch from metal lunchboxes, mid 1950s. Thanks to advances in food production, fortification, and distribution, once-common maladies like low bodyweight, rickets, and anemia are now rare. Baloney. Under the direction of Secretary Orville Freeman, the USDA commissioned a survey to assess the effectiveness of the National School Lunch Program. Abit Massey served as president of the Georgia Poultry Federation for forty-eight years and was named president emeritus in 2009. These apps, mains and desserts were popular back when a gallon of milk only cost $0.82! By the end of the 1950s, a law was passed by the Supreme Court to desegregate schools. School Lunches in the 1950s The 1950s saw the introduction of television and the first TV theme lunch box! Throughout the Progressive Era, most Georgians continued to live in rural areas and make their living as farmers. Today the National School Lunch Program continues to spark debate over the nutritional value of foods served, the role of private industry, and the status of the program as a welfare initiative. Apologies for delayed commenting here. (elementary school) Later on in elementary school, we stayed to eat lunch. Atlanta Constitution, 1968, Clifford H. "Baldy" Baldowski Editorial Cartoons. We all have strong memories of our first few days at primary school, although nowadays most children tend to go to pre-school, so it is not such a shock to the system for them as it was for the children of the 1960s! 51 in Manhattan stand in line for free lunch in the early 1900s. Schoolchildren stand in line for lunch at an unidentified school in Georgia. We walked home for lunch and then walked back to school. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), championed by U.S. first lady Michelle Obama in 2010, represents the latest chapter in the story. Honey date cookie 4. Schooldays in the 1950s and 1960s. The money for the school dinners was collected by the form teacheron Monday mornings after she had taken the register. It really wasn't a lot different from today. Poverty as a national problem rose to prominence in the early 1960s. Schoolchildren at P.S. School Lunches. What began as a way to strengthen the nation through better nutrition for schoolchildren in 1946 soon became a complicated program administered by local, state, and federal partners, all with competing interests. However, Congress did not appropriate additional funding to make these reforms a reality until the passage of the Child Nutrition Act (1966), which expanded institutional eligibility and enacted a pilot breakfast program. First proposed in 1943, the original draft of the National School Lunch Act met resistance from both fiscal conservatives and states’ rights advocates. Over two days the party visited urban and rural schools in which many children struggled with hunger and malnutrition. In February 1946 Richard B. Russell Jr. introduced to the U.S. Senate a "compromise bill," which he wrote in hopes of satisfying a national school lunch program's many competing interests. These requirements included agreeing to operate the lunch program on a not-for-profit basis, maintaining accurate records of all purchases and sales, and submitting regular reports to the designated oversight agency in each state. The daily diets and eating habits of U.S. schoolchildren have changed, and health experts once concerned by a lack of caloric intake now fret over rising obesity statistics. Rich, protein-heavy dishes are common during this time when private companies begin contracting with school districts. For most of my elementary and junior high school years, 1957-1966, this was my lunch, and the contents were far different from what kids are eating at school … Peanut growers sought to incorporate their produce into the National School Lunch Program from the outset, even recommending in the 1950s and 1960s that peanut butter be used as a replacement for butter and margarine in school lunches. Simultaneously, the federal government reduced its subsidy for full-price lunches, and state allocations failed to cover the costs of increased participation, which reached 2.2 million students in Georgia by the 1982-83 school year. By the early 1930s, with the United States entrenched in the Great Depression, many children were coming to school hungry. Because the regional economy depended largely on agricultural products and unskilled labor, few leaders in state governments saw much reason to invest further in costly schools. Although participation in the program remained optional, schools that accepted federal funds were obliged to abide by several guidelines. Economics, logistics, nutrition and politics played key roles. In an interview on January 18, 1967, a woman explains to a reporter from WSB-TV in Atlanta her views on state financing for school lunches. Like Jax most of the components for our meals were shipped in from elsewhere in large metal trays and kept warm. During this period of economic distress, the federal government sought to supplement farm incomes by stabilizing commodity prices. It wasn't just a place to grab some grub; it was a community space and people could spend an entire Friday night there. Food, Power, and Politics: The Story of School Lunch examines the complicated past of the National School Lunch Program, with a focus on people and events in Georgia. Findings revealed that only a small number of schools were providing free or reduced-price lunches and that the participating schools were typically those demonstrating the least need. A 1952 cartoon by Clifford H. "Baldy" Baldowski depicts a farmer blowing a large horn labeled "Georgia's Peanut Industry." Rich in protein, essential nutrients, and calories, peanut butter satisfies several USDA nutritional guidelines. It eventually fell into dereliction. Pork-apple salad 3. Emerging from the horn are peanuts labeled "350,000 tons annually," "$75,000,000 Industry," "No. As the decade continued, new motivations emerged for supporting a school lunch program with joint state and federal funding. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States was largely an agrarian society. The law introduced revised nutritional guidelines, regulated the sale of soft drinks and vending machine snacks, and granted access to the lunch program for thousands more students. 15 Garlic Chicken Thigh Recipes to Make for Dinner. During an oral history interview conducted in July 2014, Frank McGill recalls his career in the University of Georgia's Extension Service, becoming an expert on peanut production, and the effect of the peanut economy on small towns in Georgia. The pamphlet "School Lunches" was published by the Bureau of Education, U.S. Department of the Interior, in 1919. (This was a grammar school for which all pupils had passed the 11+ exam from a wide catchment area, and most of us lived some considerable distance from the school.) Many also lived in poverty. The 1950s. School Lunches in the 1960s School officials actively sought more efficient and cheaper ways to feed students. U.S. senator Richard B. Russell Jr. authored the original legislation establishing the National School Lunch Program and ensured its passage through both houses of the U.S. Congress. Previous Section: Early Efforts and False Starts, Previous Section: Nutrition and National Security, Previous Section: Debating the National School Lunch Program, Previous Section: Passage of the National School Lunch Program, Previous Section: Early Commodities in School Lunch, Previous Section: The School Lunch Mandate, Previous Section: Privatizing the Lunchroom, Next Section: Early Efforts and False Starts, Next Section: Nutrition and National Security, Next Section: Debating the National School Lunch Program, Next Section: Passage of the National School Lunch Program, Next Section: Early Commodities in School Lunch, Next Section: School Lunch in the New Millennium, James Thomas Gay, "Richard B. Russell and the National School Lunch Program,". Web. I entered kindergarten in 1961 and graduated from high school in 1974. 1916: “The Rural School Lunch.”. Research from USDA found that, between the 2009-10 and 2014-15 school years, meals became much healthier and student participation in lunch was higher in schools that served healthier meals. Students could leave and go home for lunch and lockers weren’t even a thing back then. From "The National School Lunch Program—Is It Working?" In 1950, most kids lived within walking distance of their school, so they often walked instead of taking the bus. In DeKalb County, for example, social activist Frances Pauley worked with public health professionals to create a hot lunch program in the county's schools. Produced by the University of Georgia College of Education and General Mills, The School That Learned to Eat (1948) is a short film chronicling a community's efforts to improve the school lunch program at East Griffin Elementary School in Spalding County. Looking for recipes from the 1950s? School dinners weren’t a thing in the New Zealand of my youth. Some—like Malcolm Tarver, a U.S. representative from Georgia—likened the legislation to creeping socialism at best and communist indoctrination at worst. The school lunch movement first emerged in Europe in the late nineteenth century. U.S. senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia conducted a similar tour in his home state and soon thereafter introduced legislation to strengthen the National School Lunch Program. Systematic, statewide school reform in Georgia would only come later, in the mid-twentieth century, as the state shifted toward a more urban economy. In the early 1950s, he went to a boys’ grammar school. Photograph provided by South Carolina Press Association Archives. Health professionals warned about childhood obesity as early as the late 1960s, and many today claim that the United States is facing an epidemic. Brown-bagging it to school 1950s style Picture this: a wrinkled brown paper bag with “Susan” written on one side and grease stains on the other side. Historic Savannah Foundation is a local, private, nonprofit, preservation organization chartered in 1955 to preserve buil, Although the pecan has a long history in North America, Georgia farmers were relative latecomers in realizing the bene. ... School Lunch Ideas and Recipes Dinner Recipes. Schools in rural America, especially the South, lagged behind in developing their own programs owing to a lack of money, facilities, personnel, and public will. Photograph taken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, circa 1955. Sandwiches Six Ways. In response, communities across the nation implemented local school lunch programs, typically funded by charitable organizations and state tax dollars. Boarding school students ate formal meals in the dining hall with their fellow classmates. This 1968 cartoon by Clifford H. "Baldy" Baldowski depicts U.S. senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina walking past ramshackle houses and stepping over poor African American children while declaring,  "Poverty? U.S. senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia was a longtime advocate for the expansion of the school lunch program. By the mid-1990s, the existence of vending machines in most school cafeterias marked a vast departure from the early attempts to provide children with nutritious meals. These kinds of foods would end up contributing to a national crisis of childhood obesity! With U.S. senator Richard B. Russell Jr. (third from left) looking on, Senator Allen J. Ellender hands a pen to President Harry Truman on June 4, 1946, to sign legislation creating the National School Lunch Program. A vocal supporter of federal agricultural assistance and early efforts to subsidize school food and nutrition programs, Russell saw a national school lunch program as a way to improve the diets of hungry children and provide a continual outlet for southern crops. Schools found that running two meal programs reduced their teaching time, and chose to eliminate the breakfast rather than the more popular lunch. Toad-in-the-hole was a staple of school lunches in the early 20th century Credit: B&M Schools 1940s/50s Second World War rationing, and the knock-on effect of … Schoolchildren drink milk during lunch at a school in Georgia, circa 1950. At the sam… Interview with Abit Massey, Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, ROGP 131. The '50s were full of poodle skirts, greasers and some amazing food. In times of relative prosperity, school lunch enhanced farm profits; in economic downturns, it provided a buffer when consumer purchasing power dropped. Meanwhile South Carolina senator Ernest Hollings points to the problems while holding papers that read "South Carolina's Severe Hunger Problem." Two boys in Laurens County thrash corn, circa 1915. Changes during the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a greatly expanded, more expensive school lunch program. The tour shaped Talmadge's determination to support the National School Lunch Program, which he deemed an "effective weapon in efforts to break the poverty and welfare cycle." Liver-sausage loaf 2. School tuition was as little as $3 per month. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration. Feeding the baby boom meant school districts had to ramp up production in a big way. In these circumstances, rural parents often opposed mandatory school terms and preferred to keep family members at home to help work on the farm. "Food, Power, and Politics: The Story of School Lunch." Instead of soups, salads, and other vegetable-based dishes, cafeterias around the country began serving hamburgers, pizzas, tacos, and other fat- and sodium-laden meals. 1950s & 1960s school cafeteria lunches Schools first began providing food for children because so many were undernourished and farmers had extra crops to sell. The pioneering efforts of Jesse Jewell, who revolutionized the poultry business in Gainesville from the 1930s through the 1950s, made Georgia a leading producer of chicken and eggs. The cash crop became more lucrative by midcentury as peanut butter grew in popularity with U.S. consumers. Kiwi School Lunch in the 1950’s Hokowhitu Primary School. Two particularly important commodities to Georgia’s economy held a prominent place in the school lunch program: poultry and peanuts. Take a trip down memory lane with old recipes for 1950s food. New Georgia Encyclopedia. How school dinners have changed dramatically over the years, from porridge in 1906 to liver and mash in the 1960s Graphics reveal typical lunches British kids have eaten over the last 100 years (the norm was lunch at home during half-day kindergarten). Several amendments to the National School Lunch Act in 1962 sought to improve the underrepresentation of low-income participants in the program. Most of the boys were from local working class families, but the school had a good reputation and they studied hard. Courtesy of Department of Government Documents, University of Georgia Libraries. Additionally, the meals served at participating schools had to incorporate as many surplus agricultural commodities as possible and adhere to dietary guidelines outlined by the USDA. Courtesy of Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries. Here’s a year-by-year playback of what school was like in the ’50s and ’60s, up until 1970. As children eating in elementary school cafeterias in the 1950s, we might ha… Copyright 2004-2021 by Georgia Humanities and the University of Georgia Press. In the late 1950s the Oslo breakfast ceased to be provided in its home country: With Norway now much more prosperous, authorities saw no need to continue to provide any form of free school meal. Going to the local diner was a major recreational activity for people in the 1950s. If you attended school anywhere from 1950 all the way until 1970, you know that things were ever-changing as the decades rolled by. For most school administrators, the financial risks associated with providing free lunches to growing numbers of children often outweighed the perceived benefits of such programs. Eventually special interest groups like the American Dairy Association and the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association began lobbying for the incorporation of their products into school lunches nationwide. 1950s & 1960s school cafeteria lunches Schools first began providing food for children because so many were undernourished and farmers had extra crops to sell. At the end of World War II, proponents of maintaining and expanding school lunch programs worried that the federal government’s ad hoc funding schemes discouraged local school districts from participating. Branded lunchboxes themed to TV shows like Gunsmoke and Hopalong Cassidy began appear… It was a simple process, and as far as I remember involved every girl. U.S. senator Herman Talmadge (seated, far left) is pictured during a stop on the Hunger Tour across Georgia in 1969. By 1920 two-thirds of the state's farmers worked land they did not own, often as sharecroppers. U.S. participation in World War II (1941-45) reshaped federal support for local lunch programs as rising food and labor costs forced cuts in lunch service. Richard B. Russell Jr., pictured in 1955, was an ardent supporter of the National School Lunch Program. Ham and cheese. The South's segregated school system further exacerbated budget issues and limited funding for the separate education of African American children. A school meal or school lunch (also known as hot lunch, a school dinner, or school breakfast) is a meal provided to students and sometimes teachers at a school, typically in the middle or beginning of the school day.Countries around the world offer various kinds of school meal programs. Cheese Fondue (more common than you’d think)1928: “School Lunch Box.” Radio Transcript. During the school year of 1901-2, New York spent approximately $42 per student annually. Nowadays, students are often trying to keep their iPhones hidden under their slim desks, hoping the teacher doesn’t catch them (or, the teacher is perfectly fine with them texting and doesn’t really care). The U.S. Department of Agriculture published the brochure "Participation of Negro Children in School Lunch Programs" in 1951. As one of the top poultry-producing states in the nation today, Georgia farmers continue to profit from chicken’s prominent place in the National School Lunch Program. In an attempt to lure back paying student consumers and bolster their bottom lines, schools lowered the nutritive quality of meal offerings. The funding structure was a huge barrier to participation. As a result, the nutritional quality of meals declined significantly. Supported by the new field of nutrition science, which sought to standardize diets and expose the dangers of malnourishment, Progressive reformers maintained that a "full belly" contributed to a more positive learning environment in schools. In March 2013 a student journalist at the University of Georgia reported on the "Farm to School" lunch program in the Athens-Clarke County schools. Southern Democrats, meanwhile, bristled at the suggestion of federal oversight for school lunch programs and demanded continued local control. Interview with Frank McGill and Lois Boyd, First Person Project, FPP 53. We either went home for lunch if we lived near enough to the school, or took a packed lunch from home. Despite the best of intentions, however, these largely local and unstandardized programs had limited success. In addition to traditional hot lunches, many began serving cold lunches, which included a variety of sandwiches, cottage cheese, pork and apple salads, tomato wedges, and ice cream. As a result, early school lunches included such staples as poultry, beef, and dairy products. High unemployment coupled with high inflation, dubbed “stagflation,” frustrated the nation throughout the late 1970s and caused the rolls of schoolchildren eligible for free and reduced-priced lunches to soar. Segregation was alive and thriving back in the ’50s and black students often attended poor schools with a lack of textbooks and other educational resources. Schools did not provide us lunch. Scotch Wafers plus Sample Menu. Schoolchildren in Troup County pose during lunch with school superintendent J. H. Melson in December 1944. Chicken farmers, peanut growers, and their representatives in government continue to lobby the USDA intensely today for surplus commodity designation as well as prime placement in school meal offerings. Taking a cue from these early European efforts, experimentation with school lunch in the United States began during the Progressive Era, a period of social reforms occurring in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Annie L. McPheeters was one of the first African American professional librarians in the Atlanta Public Library and an influential proponent of African American culture and history. Russell and his colleague Allen J. Ellender of Louisiana, both in key positions on the Senate Agriculture Committee, steered the legislation through Congress. The packed lunch consisted of sandwiches, a biscuit if we were lucky, and a piece of fruit. Mid 60’s would have been at Primary school (just). Much of this surplus food was donated to local school lunch programs, and in 1935 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and National Youth Administration (NYA) supplemented these efforts by offering funding and training for cafeteria workers throughout the country. Enter the school lunch boom. Typewriters were used to write papers and teachers wrote on blackboards with chalk. I may have brought lunch from home a handful of times during all those years but I ate school lunch nearly every school day for 12 yrs. Baseball and basketball were the only sports played in school. Brooks led Gold Kist, an Atlanta-based farm cooperative, for forty-seven years. Once in a while I hunger for a ‘ fresh from the bakery ’ meat pie and doughnut like the ones I used to have for lunch at school back in New Zealand. It was located in the extensive docks area near Tower Bridge in the East End of London. By 1944 disagreements also arose between those who believed that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) should administer the program and those who advocated oversight by the U.S. commissioner of education—a power struggle that continued well into the late twentieth century. School Lunch Recipe Timeline. Soon thereafter he wrote amendments to overhaul the original 1946 legislation, which Congress passed in 1970. by Ellen Castelow. The USDA Food and Nutrition Service administered the revised school lunch program, updated the eligibility criteria for students receiving free or reduced-price lunch, and furthered mandates forbidding discrimination against students. Dinner Recipes See All Dinner Recipes . School in the 1950s consisted of individual classes for each grade and was the starting point for the end of segregation in schools. There were no ‘smartboards’ or ‘whiteboards’. Many southern lawmakers recognized the measure as an attempt to undermine Jim Crow customs, but most believed, as Powell himself admitted, that it did not go far enough to end segregation. Allrecipes has more than 50 trusted retro recipes complete with ratings, reviews and baking tips. Religious institutions, charities, and professional women’s groups, including the Women's Educational and Industrial Union and the Women's School Alliance, launched the first free milk and lunch programs to combat pervasive childhood malnutrition in the growing urban centers of the Northeast and Midwest. I can't remember there ever being any problems with pupils forgetting their dinner money or even needing change. Peanuts also emerged as a major crop in the state during the 1930s and 1940s, when farmers in south Georgia transitioned away from cotton after years of declining prices and boll weevil infestations. As schools looked for ways to fund their growing programs in a deflated economy, they turned increasingly to private partners. In the UK, this is a state high school for boys aged 11 and over. Although passed by Congress, the amendment remained a largely symbolic gesture that was not properly enforced and so failed to prevent discrimination in school food service. Our classrooms doubled up as lunch rooms – the Hall was a separate, new addition across the playground from the kitchens. Courtesy of Georgia Archives, University System of Georgia. Similar tours were conducted in other states, including neighboring Florida and South Carolina. Passing such legislation, however, proved to be an uphill battle marked by vigorous debates among politicians, nutritionists, educators, farmers, and civil rights advocates. By 1952, school lunch had become a $415 million business. He often said that the creation of this program was his proudest accomplishment during his long career in the U.S. Senate (1933-71). School nutritionists considered chicken to be a good source of lean protein and a low-fat, low-cost alternative to beef and other meat products. Field trips were an incredibly rare occurrence. Private companies, eager for a slice of the action, began contracting with school districts. The National School Lunch Act of 1946 mandated that all participating schools abide by certain nutritional standards while also utilizing surplus agricultural commodities. Played in school class families, but the school lunch program affects millions of children from all standards grades! Lunchroom: the Story of school lunch. remember involved every girl enough to the Lunchroom: Story. The day before my father ’ s would have been at Primary school just... Eliminate the breakfast rather than the more popular lunch. food-service staff, were not covered, many. 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