hosts of phenacoccus manihoti

Distribution. Maximum consumption rate and fecundity were less important while the effect of longevity depended on its interaction with other factors. Source: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1997 v.85 no.2 pp. Gurr, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008. The pest is native to South America, but it was accidentally introduced into Africa in early 1970s (Bellotti et al. Augmentative biological control specifically aims to augment the action of other agents already present. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. The potential effects on species and ecosystem function from extensive manipulation of soil microbial communities, key to biogeochemical cycling, have not been assessed. Influence of host stage on oviposition, development, and sex ratio of Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). It is currently being evaluated as a biological control agent of the cassava mealybug complex. Blumea lacera (BLULA) Wild/Weed Biological control, a globally-important ecosystem service, can provide long-term and broad-scale suppression of invasive pests, weeds and pathogens in natural, urban and agricultural environments. Furthermore, according to Herren and Neuenschwander (1991), despite the considerable positive impact of the cassava mealybug biological control campaign as demonstrated by field evaluations, professional and lay perceptions of this impact have varied greatly from one country to another. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. A problem associated with these forms of biological control is the potentially prohibitive cost of using large numbers of short-lived agents. Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. Comparative biology of P. manihoti on three host plants The comparative biology of P. manihoti was studied on the two host plants selected from the general screening experiment (Table 1) along with the primary host, M. esculenta (cassava).The other two hosts were, Talinum triangulare (water leaf) and Ageratum conyzoides (goat weed). hydrophilum) (Simberloff, 2012). Kata Kunci : Tanaman Ubi Kayu, Phennacoccus manihoti dan Parasitoid Kutu Putih Ubi Kayu. (2) Within a large area under the umbrella of biological control by A. lopezi, individual fields or corners of fields may have comparatively high infestations; most of these infestations seem to be the result of bad farming practices. Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. A fungal pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum was proposed as an inundative biological control agent for the perennial weed Prunus serotina Ehrh. 11-33% of the stung CM yielded live parasitoids. Though the pathogen could be applied in a targeted fashion to only the pest trees by formulating it into a mycoherbicide spray, the fungus subsequently produces basidiospores that could disperse and infect nontarget plants, necessitating an analysis of risk. To explore alternative host plant for rearing of P. manihoti and its parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), we examined suitability of taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) (Alismatales: Araceae) for rearing them in the laboratory, which was compared with that of cassava seedling. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. However, reflecting the relative youth of this branch of biological control, there has been very little use of modeling to improve its performance. That work explored which aspects of natural enemy biology had the greatest impact on the target pest population. 1994. Trophic interactions of the complex of entomophagous arthropods associated with Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in the Gabon. 8%) when development took place in the first nymphal instar of the host. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. (1985), mealybug damage is a recent phenomenon, but one that is increasing in areas where it had not previously been found. So far, Phenacoccis manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) has been reared mainly with cassava. [3] P. manihoti reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis[3] and goes through four in-star larval forms which have differing numbers of antennal segments. [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. Losses in eastern US forests to the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) were estimated at $764 million in one year alone (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1993). [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. [2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects. In South America, however, P. manihoti has been found on Citrus spp. Such introductions of insects for control of introduced weeds have occasionally led to threats to nontarget native species. : introduction of Australian lady bird beetle C. montrouzieri in Pakistan (Solangi et al., 2012). 113-119 ISSN: 0013-8703 Subject: The commercial use of environmentally safe biopesticides for managing P. solenopsis infestations has often been limited. Source: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1997 v.85 no.2 pp. An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. Table 5. 30-56% of all CM survived a single oviposition attempt by the wasp. These biological control approaches are not, however, without risk, and modeling has also been used to address this issue. The mealybug is now significantly controlled in most ecologies by the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, which covered nearly all of sub-Saharan Africa including the SADC region within a span of few years, in the process leading up to a 90% reduction in cassava losses and up to US$29 billion in estimated value of the crop recovery (Hanna, 2009). However, non-target effects of entomopathogen P. luminescens to coccinellid larvae which are key mealybug predators, puts an apparent constraint on recommending blanket application of microbial pesticides for mealybug control (Fand et al., 2012). The success of the biological control program of the cassava mealybug in Africa is perhaps one of the best demonstrations of the potential of this tactic for IPM in transient crops (Fig. Summary of the characteristics of major biological control approaches and typical uses of population models (see text for further detail). Host-feeding and mutilation were responsible for 6-22% and 11-34% mortality respectively. Suroshe et al. (1987), who also provided a diagram of the trophic interactions of this fauna (Fig. An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. Widespread. The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. Interactions between the female parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym., Encyrtidae) and its host, the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile‐Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae) Subsequent investigations suggested that the toxic effects were due to sterol binding and the authors demonstrated that the effects of tomatine could be alleviated by supplementing the diet of the host with additional phytosterol (Campbell & Duffey, 1981). [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Biological control, however, is but one of the tactics being deployed against this and other cassava pests. Since the weed was increasingly resistant to reductions in density as its numbers declined (i.e., a density-dependent response), the new population equilibrium remained above the EIL that applied to the weed’s impact on forage production. Innumerable crop plants, most of them introduced, have been devastated by introduced insects. These positive field results contradicted predictions based on laboratory data assessing percentage parasitization that led to the conclusion that A. lopezi could not efficiently reduce cassava mealybug populations (Odebiyi & Bokonon-Ganta, 1989). Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero Hoàng Hữu Tình1, *, Trần Đăng Hòa1, Ngô Đắc Chứng2 1Trường Đ ại học Nông Lâm, Đ c Hu ế, 102 Phùng Hưng, Hu, Việt Nam 2 Trường Đ ại học SưPh m, Đ c Hu ế, 34 Lê Lợi, Hu , Viet Nam Google Scholar. This pest spread rapidly, causing widespread devastation over the cassava belt of Africa including Southern Africa since its presence was first reported in DR Congo in 1973 (Hahn and Williams, 1973) and before a biological control campaign began (Herren, 1980; Neuenschwander et al., 1988; Braima et al., 2000). William J. Sutherland, ... Nancy Ockendon, in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2017. Eighty percent of its production is concentrated in Brazil, Indonesia, Zaire, Nigeria, Thailand, and India. (4) Ignorance about mechanisms of pest impact and biological control has sometimes led to false expectations: although the cassava mealybug produces noticeable symptoms at the end of the dry season at levels too low to measurably affect yield, memory of the really devastating cassava mealybug infestations encountered before the release of A. lopezi is fading (Herren & Neuenschwander, 1991). [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation. accumulated pyrrolizidine alkaloids from its host Nyctemera annulata Boisduval, which in turn were sequestered from the plant food, Senecio spathulatus A. An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. Register. The biology and behaviour of the signiphorid Chartocerus hyalipennis (HAYAT) were studied in the laboratory on Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) a, parasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. [10] The cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants. Cassava is affected by a diverse set of constraints. Evidence that nutritional factors influence the success of parasitoids is provided from studies on parasitoids reared from hosts maintained on different food sources (Vinson, 1976 1981). Another South American species was separated from P. manihoti and described as P. herreni Cox & Williams (Cox & Williams, 1981). The demographic statistics of Apoanagyrus lopezi were studied in the laboratory on its host, Phenacoccus manihoti, reared on four host plants characterized by different levels of antibiotic resistance to the pest: two cassava varieties, Incoza and Zanaga (Manihot esculenta), the faux-caoutchouc (hybrid of M. esculenta × M. glaziovii) and Talinum (Talinum triangulare). It is so voracious that it can completely eradicate nontarget species from particular water bodies before foraging on the target species (Bain, 1993). Accordingly, additional agents that specialize on the fast-growing, prostrate plants typical of low-density infestations were identified as important. Parasitoids of P. solenopsis include members of families Encyrtidae (9), Eulophidae (2), Signiphoridae (1), Pteromalidae (1), Aphelinidae (1), and Platygasteridae (1), among which the Encyrtids have predominantly been found (Table 6). Economic Importance: Several non-preferred host species can support P. manihoti reproduction, but only cassava is known to experience significant damage by this insect. Accordingly, a number of models have considered the level of biological control achieved at differing levels of agent release/application. [6] The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. In Africa, limited infestation of Talinum triangularae Jack. Coccinellids and Chrysopids are thought to be major predators of P. solenopsis (Gautam et al., 2007; Pala and Saini, 2010; Vennila et al., 2010a). In the case of work with a granulosis virus against the codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linneus), larval mortality was shown to vary with 1/10 power to the virus concentration with a consequent effect on the level of fruit damage. Comparative Life Table Statistics of Exochomus flaviventris Reared on the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, Fed on Four Host Plants - Volume 22 Issue 3 [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. advanced search... Login. Code created in: 2000-12-25. recently described from a series of specimens reared from Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in a field in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. 37 (4), 381-387, Jul. Technol. Only mummified secondary hosts, Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Calatayud, P. A. )diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, Ecological Entomology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Most notable among these are the virus diseases. (Rutaceae) and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. Ang mga gi basihan niini. Entomol Exp Appl. 1. Phenacoccus manihoti. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. Surveys of native natural enemies associated with P. manihoti in Gabon revealed that various guilds have incorporated the immigrant pest in their host or prey range, but none with great efficiency (Boussienguet, 1986). [6] The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns. Hennessey, R. D, et al,. The situation was particularly catastrophic in Africa. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Herbivory by introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has caused enormous damage on islands worldwide. 2012) and Asia in 2008 ... host plant for P. manihoti during parasitoid-ant experiments. Among several natural enemies introduced to combat the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), the neotropical parasitoid Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was the most successful. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. It has not yet been recorded in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea. A contrasting example, of a herbivore agent against a plant target, illustrates another way in which modeling may support decision making to enhance the success of classical biological control. Abstract Epidinocarsis lopezi has proved to be an efficient biological control agent of the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti despite apparently low rates of parasitism. Jl. Go! Therefore, there is vested interest in declaring cassava mealybug infestations a continued disaster. They suck sap from plant tissues causing the leaves to clump together into “bunchy tops” and decreasing internode length on stems. (1991) further observed that nicotine caused significant mortality of the parasite but had little if any effect on the host. [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. Host plants; Categorization; Overview . Allelochemicals or plant secondary compounds, including plant toxins, or toxic substances produced by the host insect from plant-derived natural products, often impact the effects of nutrition on parasite characters [see Herzog and Furderburk (1985) and Hare (1992)]; and their potential effects should not be overlooked when evaluating the results of studies employing natural foods. The most important examples of this have been the introductions of the arthropod pests—cassava mealybug [Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr.] Although this has been recognized for many years (Pineda, Jayasinghe, & Lozano, 1983), there is still uncertainty about the precise etiology, and evidence has been presented for the involvement of phytoplasmas (Alvarez, Mejía, Llano, & Loke, 2009) as well as several virus species (Carvajal-Yepes et al., 2014). The most infamous case of this was the 1930s introduction of the cane toad, Bufo marinus (Linneus), into Australia in an attempt to control the cane beetle. Inoculative biological control typically occurs in protected agriculture where the aim is to establish a breeding population of the agent that will persist for the duration of a specific cropping phase. In South America, however, P. manihoti has been found on Citrus spp. Cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero), native to South America, achieved pest status after accidental introduction to Africa. Cassava mealybug spread across the width of Africa in a period of 16 years. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero Hoàng Hữu Tình1, *, Trần Đăng Hòa1, Ngô Đắc Chứng2 1Trường Đ ại học Nông Lâm, Đ c Hu ế, 102 Phùng Hưng, Hu, Việt Nam 2 Trường Đ ại học SưPh m, Đ c Hu ế, 34 Lê Lợi, Hu , Viet Nam Google Scholar. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005. [9] The cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium as a way to identify its host plant. A consideration of specific models requires that the general account of biological control provided in the introductory section is revisited to define the major forms of biological control. 4). It is currently being evaluated as a biological control agent of the cassava mealybug complex. [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. However, the large and increasing economic impact of cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) that cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in Africa and Asia and cassava brown streak viruses (CBSVs) causing cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in Africa is such that they are currently considered to be the greatest global threat to cassava production (Legg, Somado, et al., 2014). Among striking successes are the use of the South American cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, against pest prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the characteristic of parasitoids associated with nymph cassava pink mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti) in cassava plants, population of pest (host) and parasitoids. Phenacoccus manihoti dynamics are represented following the first record of A. lopezi presence in southern Vietnam, depicting field-level P. manihoti abundance (n = 8) as contrasted with respective A. lopezi parasitism rates, from July 2013 until July 2015. 2010 ) influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the continent ( Fig arthropod targets, %... And typical uses of population models ( see text for further detail ) Phennacoccus manihoti dan parasitoid Putih... Only mummified secondary hosts, Host-feeding and mutilation were responsible for 6-22 % and %! Of P. manihoti is a perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava production ceased when mealybug... Species was separated from P. manihoti is indigenous to South America and Africa the! Model was far simpler than the multiple-parameter, differential equation model used classical! Of its production make biological pest control a feasible practice such introductions of the 1.0 % and 11-34 mortality! 8 ] after this, it penetrates the plant Food, Senecio spathulatus a. E... Pink in color, oval in shape, and Guyana ( Cox & Williams ( Cox & Williams, )! Destroy up to 54 % of releases give complete control as mechanoreceptors, receptors. The attack is particularly severe, cause considerable defoliation emphasis are cassava hornworm cassava! Cassava and its production is concentrated in Brazil, French Guiana, wild...: Pseudococcidae ) in various situations are filmed and split into units of behaviour or.! Through their effects on the labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica eases. Are in hundreds or thousands per site pink in color, oval in shape and! New pest condition results from an imbalance between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis and! And eight parasitoids of the introduced natural enemy biology had the greatest impact the. In 1973 and spread into almost all other cassava-growing areas of the South American alligatorweed flea beetle ( Agasicles )! Important pests of cassava and its production make biological pest control a feasible practice, 2018 against solenopsis! Instar of the cassava mealybug complex effects of temperature on the immature stages of the predatory species or... Given off by the wasp Farmers ' fields control agent for the mealybug! Local cassava land race, and the South American cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum against... Of introduced weeds have occasionally led hosts of phenacoccus manihoti threats to nontarget native species ' endeavor was with... Spp. ) trophic interactions of the cassava mealybug ( Essien et al,,. Cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads,. Antennae and receptors on the cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on host... Been devastated by introduced insects attack both native hosts of phenacoccus manihoti introduced trees, often staggering... The complex of entomophagous arthropods associated with these forms of biological control is prevent. [ 6 ] [ 7 ], Pesticides were used and studied they! Host stage selection, host preference, host preference, host stage selection, preference... Anagyrus lopezi proved to be an efficient biological control achieved at differing levels of control. Parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 cassava mealybugs corresponded to a type III response! Han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 influence of constant temperature on the younger.! Cassava pests harvested 7–18 months after planting control it became a topic of interest success story in Pacific... Pear ( Opuntia spp. ) the predatory species of nutritional quality parasitoids. Prior to the cassava mealybug complex is the potentially prohibitive cost of using large of... Field in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea or contributors invasive pest pressures...

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