evolution of ferns

Ferns reproduce by spores, which are generally produced on the bottom (abaxial side) of leaves by specialized structures called sporangia. Today, the members are a few remnant species reduced to an exceedingly minor role in the flora. Most of the groups that evolved during this time have survived to the present, and while they contain a modest amount of diversity, the third and final radiation gave rise to the greatest bulk of fern species by far. International Journal of Plant Sciences. Contrary to gymnosperms and angiosperms however, the gametophyte generation is free-living and before it gives rise to the sporophyte. Kenrick, P., & Crane, P. R. (1997). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. Ferns Nothing is known about the evolutionary origin of roots. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into frond The aquatic ferns in the order Salviniales are the only exception to this rule, having heterosporous spores. The ferns constitute an ancient division of vascular plants, some of them as old as the Carboniferous Period (beginning about 358.9 million years ago) and perhaps older. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, (known as Filicales in some older literature), Comparisons with leaves of other plant groups. Gametophytes of some species have also been shown to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions than their sporophyte counterparts (Watkins and Cardelús, 2009; Sato and Sakei, 1981). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. Field studies revealed that in Davalliaceae and related ferns, epiphytes in a broad sense are classified into climber, secondary hemi-epiphyte, and obligate epiphyte, based on combinations of the places (ground vs. tree) of inferred spore germination and … List of ferns and extinct relatives with their associated fossil record dates. 211: 1108-1119. Evolution Most botanists believe that the ferns and fern allies are descendants of the Rhyniopsida, an extinct group of free-sporing plants which originated in the Silurian period (about 430 million years ago) and went extinct in the mid-Devonian period (about 370 million years ago). Especially related to their biology (life cicles, growing, etc.) Recent molecular work, however, has demonstrated that the whisk ferns (Psilotales) and moonworts (Ophioglossales) are unequivocally ferns and that the horsetails are sister to all other species within the fern clade (Knie et al., 2014; Rothfels et al. Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy. It is possible that these leaf types did not originate in the same way and even that different examples of each had different origins. Currently accepted phylogeny of ferns, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1). Growing alongside the giant tree lycophytes (e.g., Lepidodendron) in vast swamps, ferns thrived and diversified for several million years. Canadian Journal of Botany. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 23, 105–169. Beerling, D. J., Osborne, C. P., & Chaloner, W. G. (2001). (1996). Some of the oldest fossils from this diversification are of the Osumundales, which include species such as the cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) and royal fern (Osmunda regalis) (see table 1 for a list of families and their ages). The advent of towering, angiosperm-dominated rainforests in the tropics opened up new environments that ferns were able to successfully exploit and diversify in, which led to the third radiation of leptosporangiate ferns. Notable for its … Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. Nature. Groups like the Rhacophytales, which were possibly some of the earliest progenitors of ferns, the ancient tree ferns Pseudosporochnales and Tempskya, and the small, bush-like Stauropterids have all long ago disappeared. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106: 11200-11205. Figure 4. 13 - Phylogeny and evolution of ferns: a paleontological perspective By Gar W. Rothwell , Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, University of Ohio, Athens, OH 45701, USA, Ruth A. Stockey , Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada Ferns are one of the oldest groups of plants on Earth, with a fossil record dating back to the middle Devonian (383-393 million years ago) (Taylor, Taylor, and Krings, 2009).

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