ephedra sinica uses

Ephedra sinica Ephedrine, however, is the main alkaloid or component within ephedra, which has been synthesized for medical uses. Thus, species such as Ephedra nevadensis (Mormon tea) are not appropriate substitutes.Terry 1927. Figure 4.3. Muscarine, the first parasympathomimetic drug, derives from the fungus Amanita muscaria and was described in 1869. Ephedra, particularly the Chinese species E. sinica, and it has been used in China for more than 5,000 years to treat asthma and hay fever. Plants of genus Hoodia contain pregane glycosides resembling steroid hormones. Ephedra-containing supplements are banned for sale in the United States. Ephedra should also not be taken by patients with a history of hypertension or tachycardia because ephedrine and pseudoephedrine may dangerously overstimulate the heart (Chen and Schmidt, 1924). Ephedra consists of a mixture of different members of the Ephedraceae family (E. sinica, E. equisetina, and E. gerardiana).Its actions are due to the presence of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. The medicinal use of Ephedra sinica in China dates from ∼2800 bc. Ephedra is banned in the U.S. due to safety concerns. Treatment is supportive while awaiting spontaneous recovery after drug withdrawal. People use it as a beverage and as a medicine. Report Save. Vishal S. Vaidya, Harihara M. Mehendale, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Second Edition), 2005. Ma huang was used to induce perspiration and treat the symptoms of bronchial asthma, colds, and influenza; it is still in traditional use today. The plant ephedra has long been used in Asian medicine. ).Parsaeimehr 2010, Ephedra extracts have shown anti-inflammatory and immune effects in experiments in rodents and in vitro studies. Due to the potency of ephedra on the adrenergic system, additive effects involving stimulation of the cardiovascular system are well-documented. Adrenergic receptors were identified and subdivided into two primary types (α and β) according to their responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine.3 The β-receptors were further divided into β1-, β2-, and β3-receptors based on their actions at receptors and sensitivities to inhibitors.4-6 The α-receptors were similarly subdivided into α1- and α2-receptors, but have been further subdivided into α1a-, α1b-, α1d-, α2a-, α2b-, and α2c-receptors based on their pharmacology and associated second messenger systems.7,8. Hypertensive effects akin to those seen with cocaine can be observed and are managed similarly. Uses. Plants of the genus Ephedra, including E. sinica and others, have traditionally been used by people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of asthma, hay fever and the common cold. In the setting of acute intoxication, amphetamines increase volatile anesthetic requirements and reduce the duration of thiopental. Ephedra sinica, Ma Huang, has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of asthma, sinusitis, and as a stimulant. Sida cordifolia (common name: Indian common mallow) contains sympathomimetic alkaloids, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. Mormon tea is made from a plant, Ephedra nevadensis. Ephedra is used for weight loss and obesity and to enhance athletic performance. Ephedra is also prescribed for symptoms of cold and flu, including nasal congestion, cough, fever, and chills. But, there are other alkaloid s including: ( 1 ) It produces leafless, segmented round canes. Ephedrine is also known as the natural form of amphetamine, the active compound of speed. This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. Complement activation was inhibited and E. sinica showed protective effects against sequelae of spinal cord injury in one experiment.Li 2009 Chemical constituents ephedrannin A and B suppressed the transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in macrophages and in induced hepatic failure in mice.Kim 2010, Yamada 2008 Ephedra constricted isolated rabbit urethra tissue, possibly via arachidonic acid pathways, and alpha-adrenoreceptor stimulation in another laboratory experiment.Ayajiki 2008, There is a ban on the sale of all ephedra-containing dietary supplements in the United States. Plants of the genus Ephedra, including E. sinica and others, have traditionally been used by people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of asthma, hay fever and the common cold. Ephedra is an airway passage opener extraoidinaire. A member of the Ephedraceae family, Ephedra sinica Stapf is also known by its common name of Ma Huang. Originally discovered by Loewi, the “heart inhibiting” substance that decreased HR and contractility was acetylcholine.9 Muscarinic receptors are activated by acetylcholine and are thus called cholinergic. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. In the West, extracts of E. sinica, E. intermedia or E. equisetina are mos … Tendencies: Warming, drying.. She continued to take the supplement and became more erratic and severely disinhibited. The earliest scientific work on ephedra, and consequently on ephedrine, is attributed to the Japanese organic chemist and pharmacologist Nagayoshi Nagai (1844 to 1929), followed by his colleague Kinnosuke Miura (1864 to 1950), who identified the potential toxicity of the alkaloids. Pseudoephedrine is a more potent diuretic than ephedrine. But, its use as a recreation drug should not detract from its long history of a very useful herbal medicine. In China, it is used as a medicinal herb since thousands of years. Ephedrine-induced mania occurred over a 3-month period in a patient who took the “recommended” dose of a dietary supplement [40]. Charlotte Means, in Handbook of Small Animal Practice (Fifth Edition), 2008. General Information Ephedra sinica is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 0.40 metres tall. The ephedra alkaloids possess 2 adjacent chiral atoms that could generate 4 possible isomers for every planar structure; however, the plant produces only 2 of the possible isomers.Freudenberg 1932 Synthetic ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are usually produced as a racemate, and therefore contain all of the possible isomers. Abuse of methamphetamine is associated with cognitive impairment, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, extensive dental disease, and hypertension. Diazepam is contraindicated because of the possibility of paradoxical responses (e.g., increased vocalization, head bobbing, CNS excitation, death). Tachycardia and hypertension are typical. Methamphetamine was used widely by the German military during World War II as a stimulant to prevent fatigue. Today, it is also available in many prepared dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, extracts, and tinctures (Bardal et al., 2010). Usually, the branches and tops are used to make medicine, but the root or whole plant can also be used. Fluid therapy is cautiously instituted to maintain renal function, and possibly increase elimination, but monitor closely for pulmonary edema or fluid overload. Ma huang can cause psychiatric complications, which can last several weeks. Ephedra is a medical preparation made from the plant Ephedra sinica.Sometimes, preparations made from other members of the genus Ephedra are called ephedra as well, e.g. Cultivated Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) – Attribution: Alex Lomas Therapeutic Uses, Benefits and Claims of Ephedra (Ma huang) Ma huang is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an herbal treatment for asthma , hay fever , nose and lung congestion, chest tightness, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and for patients with fever and lack of perspiration (anhidrosis). Renger F. Witkamp, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, Ephedra sinica or ma-huang is an evergreen shrub native to central Asia.172 Ephedrine, the primary active constituent, has been studied alone and in combination with caffeine. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. The fruits are red, contain small round black seeds, and develop in late autumn (Ratsch 1998, 229). It produces leafless, segmented round canes. On occasion, patients present with seizures or obtundation due to severe hyponatremia. Acepromazine 0.05 to 1 mg/kg IV, IM, SC, as needed, Chlorpromazine 0.5 to 1 mg/kg IV, IM, as needed. These alkaloids can be used as decongestants because they constrict peripheral blood vessels, but in high doses, they also raise blood pressure (1) (2) (3). The three drugs together produced an additive effect superior to that of theophylline alone in exercised-induced asthma study (Bierman et al., 1975). Head bobbing has been associated with higher mortality. The Many Health Benefits of Ephedra is an evergreen shrub-like plant native to Central Asia and Mongolia. Ephedra is not much used in Western herbal medicine — primarily due to some bad press around people abusing the plant for its ephedrine content. The ban was later overturned by a federal judge in April 2005 for products containing ephedra 10 mg or less. Ephedras are gymnosperms and are most closely related to conifers, although many aspects of their botany are different. Use of Ephedra. The history of parasympatholytic drugs dates back to ancient times when Mandragora, the mandrake plant, was used for wounds and sleeplessness. These compounds are tested by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and fungi, with a concentration range of 0.00515–1.38 mmol/L (Zang et al., 2013) (Fig. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. American ephedra, native to the dry southwest, was used as tea by the early settlers, and was known as “Mormon tea” and “Squaw tea”. About 40 species of Ephedra sinica along with local variants are cultivated in Afghanistan, Australia, Central America, Europe, India, Australia and North America. Ephedra has been used as a supplement for weight loss and its effects have been reported. Chemical structure of ephedrine. Ma Huang (the stem and branch) was used primarily in the treatment of common cold, asthma, hay fever, bronchitis, edema, arthritis, fever, hypotension, and urticaria. In Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions (Fifteenth Edition), 2006. Ephedrine is prescribed for colds, to break a fever and induce sweating, and as a decongestant and is now largely manufactured synthetically. They are used as decongestants and for weight loss. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. Names of Ephedra in various languages of the world are also given. These have been reviewed in the context of two cases of psychotic reactions [39]. Ephedra-containing dietary supplements are banned by the FDA, making data from animal studies of their use as a performance enhancer irrelevant. The 3-source species are native to China, where the aboveground parts are collected in the fall and dried for use. As a weight loss agent, ephedra has been commonly combined with caffeine; however, more recently the ephedra component has been replaced with bitter orange in US dietary supplements.Lee 2011, Fu 2000, Chemical investigations of ephedra in the early 20th century resulted in the isolation of the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which were identified as the major pharmacologically active compounds in the aboveground portions of the plant. The drug is known under the name of “Ma-huang” which was traditionally obtained from the dry stems of Ephedra sinica. They are used internally in the treatment of asthma, hay fever and allergic complaints. Ephedra sinica refers to the part of the ephedra plant that contains the most concentration of ephedrine alkaloids. Other types of compounds also have been isolated from ma huang. The effects of ephedrine are similar to caffeine, but ephedrine is even stronger. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years. Brain Protection. Three species are commonly used as source plants: E. sinica, E. intermedia, and E. equisetina, all native to the steppes of north and northwestern China. Contains 20 Ephedra Sinica seeds. About 45 Ephedra species exist, varying in their alkaloid content. Lin, in Side Effects of Drugs Annual, 2009. Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) seeds. Serotonin syndrome, which is characterized by hyperthermia, abdominal pain, vocalizing, and central nervous system (CNS) signs, may be seen. From the n-BuOH-soluble fraction of the EtOH extracts from E. sinica, 12 A-type proanthocyanidins are isolated and identified. The plant contains a naturally-occurring stimulant called ephedrine — the synthetic version of which is a common ingredient in decongestants and weight loss pills, and is often used to make crystal methamphetamine. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product. Background: Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. Signs generally resolve within 72 hours with appropriate treatment. The plant contains many bioactive components such as alkaloids, i.e., ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (isoephedrine), nor-pseudoephedrine (cathine), nor-ephedrine, methyl ephedrine, methyl pseudoephedrine, tannins, and other constituents, including quinoline and 6-hydroxy kynurenic acid (Friedrich and Wiedemeyer, 1976; Cui et al., 1991; Caveney and Starratt, 1994). Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Ephedra. The Ephedra or Ma Huang is a shrubby plant, between 20 and 40 cms (0.65-1.3 feet) high; it is distributed from the Himalayas to Nepal, being in China where its use is more rooted since millennia.. Although scheduled in the United States in 1984, usage spread to the mainstream and around the world, with ecstasy being amongst the top four most widely consumed illicit substances. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors potentiate effects of ephedrine. Henbane, which contains atropine, was used in ancient Egyptian times as a mydriatic. The use of Ephedra is known since 1 st century A.D. The Chinese herb ma-huang, known in the West as ephedra, is the dried stem of three species of primitive shrubs in the ephedra family found in desert regions around the world. Doses of ephedra greater than 32 mg/day have resulted in adverse reactions.Andraws 2005, The pharmacokinetics of ephedra in humans have been studied, with ephedrine in crude herb requiring twice as long to reach the peak plasma concentration as pure ephedrine dosage forms.White 1997 Similarly, the combination of a single dose of ephedra and caffeine has been studied; ephedrine and pseudoephedrine had similar peak concentrations at 140 to 150 minutes, while caffeine blood levels peaked at 90 minutes. Ephedra Sinica contains pseudoephedrine, which was a primary ingredient in many cold and FLU formulas. For years, ephedra sinica was used to develop products like Stacker 2 and Original Ripped Fuel, which contained high concentrations of ephedrine alkaloids. Pseudoephedrine is often used by scuba divers to avoid ear barotrauma. Thomas J. Ebert, in Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia, 2013, The sympathomimetic properties of the Ma-huang plant were appreciated in China as early as 3000 bc. Abstract: Background: Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. Ephedra sinica* in TCM Ephedra is a commonly used herb in Chinese medicine for thousands of years, being included as one of more than 360 herbs on the first herbal compendium written more than 2,000 years ago. Ephedra (Ephedra sinica), also called ma huang, is an herb that has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for more than 5,000 years, primarily to treat asthma, bronchitis, and hay fever.

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